Which of the Following Is NOT a Research-Backed Example of an Effect

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a research-backed example of an effect of presidential debates?

A) Presidential debates increase exposure to the candidates
B) Presidential debates increase political efficacy among viewers
C) Presidential debates challenge viewers' preexisting attitudes toward candidates
D) News media verdicts about the winner can influence voters' attitudes.
E) None of the above; all of the above are research-backed examples of the effects of presidential debates.