Ms Washington Is a 67-Year-Old Who Had a Heart Attack

Multiple Choice

Ms. Washington is a 67-year-old who had a heart attack last month. Now she complains of shortness of breath and not being able to sleep in a flat position (orthopnea) . On examination you note increased jugular venous pressure, an S3 gallop, crackles low in the lung fields, and swollen ankles (edema) . This is an example of a:

A) Pathophysiologic problem
B) Psychopathologic problem