Which of the Following Is a Method Used by Several

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a method used by several pharmaceutical companies to produce vaccines that help protect against COVID-19?

A) SARS-CoV-2 viruses are injected into fertilized eggs and incubated. The viral particles are extracted, purified, deactivated, and used to make vaccines.
B) SARS-CoV-2 viruses are injected into mammalian cells and allowed to incubate. The viral particles are then extracted, purified, deactivated, and used to make vaccines.
C) The mRNA sequence responsible for the spike (S) protein is extracted from live viruses and added to harmless viruses and used to infect insect cells. The insect cells produce massive amounts of S spike protein that is extracted, purified, and used to make vaccines.
D) An artificial mRNA sequence for the spike (S) protein is manufactured and placed in a lipid coating. These artificial mRNA sequences are then used to make vaccines.