According to Pratt Et Al

Multiple Choice

According to Pratt et al. (2006) , which of the following statements about their review of 40 studies examining the effects of perceived deterrence is not true?

A) multivariate studies suggest that the effects of certainty and severity of punishment are weak to non-existent
B) perceptions of punishment is likely to be a minor cause of criminal involvement
C) legal sanctions might have effects on future crime through non-legal or social costs they evoke
D) bivariate studies substantially underestimated the effects of perceived deterrence