A Social Psychologist Was Interested in the Effect of Propaganda

Multiple Choice

A social psychologist was interested in the effect of propaganda on attitudes of males and females. He measured attitudes toward democracy for all participants, delivered the propaganda, and remeasured attitudes toward democracy. He wanted to analyze the data using a 2 x 2 factorial with gender as one independent variable and before-and-after attitudes as the other. The techniques presented in the text will not permit this because

A) the scores are not independent
B) an independent variable was not defined
C) the dependent variable was not defined
D) the levels of the independent variable were not chosen at random by the experimenter.