Animal Cells and Viruses Are in an Ongoing 'Arms Race

Multiple Choice

Animal cells and viruses are in an ongoing 'arms race' to prevent and facilitate infection, respectively. Of the following evolved changes to the host, which do you think would be most effective at limiting viral infection?

A) development of RNAases to digest RNA
B) development of better apoptotic cell death pathways so that an infected host cell eliminates itself quickly to limit viral replication
C) altered structure of the cell surface protein(s) that the virus recognizes to 'find' and bind to a prospective host cell
D) acquiring a mechanism to fully inhibit ribosome function to prevent proteins, including viral proteins, from being made