Which of the Following Are Likely to Contribute to the Volatility

Essay

Which of the following are likely to contribute to the volatility of exchange rates between the major currencies?
(a) A growth in the size of short- term capital flows relative to current account flows
(b) The abolition of exchange controls
(c) A harmonisation of international macroeconomic policies
(d) The adoption of money supply targets by individual countries
(e) The adoption of exchange rate targets by individual countries
(f) A growing belief that speculation against exchange rate movements is likely to be stabilising
(g) A growing belief that speculation against exchange rate movements is likely to be destabilising
(h) A growing ease of international transfers of funds
(i) Countries' trade cycles become more synchronised with each other