It Is Likely That Many Published Studies Represent Random Fluctuations

Multiple Choice

It is likely that many published studies represent random fluctuations in data,rather than true phenomena.How do scientists guard against this possibility?​

A) They recalculate the statistics of the published study.
B) ​They ask for replications of surprising results.
C) ​They accuse the author of fraud if the results seem surprising.
D) ​They disbelieve any result that does not have a strong theoretical basis.