Studies Which Have Been Specifically Designed to Estimate the Direction

Multiple Choice

Studies which have been specifically designed to estimate the direction and magnitude of data collection errors have typically

A) relied on the actual availability of bias-free information which then served as a validity check.
B) used split-run comparisons.
C) measured the consistency of replies over time from the same respondent.
D) been applied in substantive as opposed to method studies.
E) allowed the information gained to be taken at face value.