To Be Certain of a Real Cause-And-Effect Relationship, a Researcher

Multiple Choice

To be certain of a real cause-and-effect relationship, a researcher must show:

A) that the dependent variable occurs before the independent variable in time.
B) that the two variables are correlated.
C) total neutrality.
D) that the correlation is spurious to some extent.
E) that a third variable is involved in the relationship.