To Conclude Logically That an Intervention Really Is the Cause

Multiple Choice

To conclude logically that an intervention really is the cause of a particular outcome:

A) the provision of the intervention must precede or coincide with the change in the outcome being measured.
B) changes in outcome must be associated with changes in the intervention condition.
C) plausible alternative explanations for any correlation between intervention and outcome must be ruled out.
D) All of the above.