Question 1

The real world contains instances of continuous motion that somehow are divided up into meaningful units. The point in time when one unit ends and another begins is referred to as the _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   breaking point
B)   segment marker
C)   event boundary
D)   transition period C

Question 2

The _____ signal is sent to other areas of the brain relaying the message that a signal has been sent from the motor cortex to the eye muscles. It is analogous to using the "cc" (copy) function in an email.

Accepted Answer

A)   image displacement
B)   ciliary
C)   motor
D)   corollary discharge D

Question 3

Describe the case of the woman with akinetopsia. What does this case tell us about the importance of motion perception?

Accepted Answer

Perhaps the most dramatic way to illustrate the importance of motion perception to daily life (and survival) comes from case studies of individuals who, through disease or trauma, suffer from damage to parts of the brain responsible for perceiving and understanding movement. When this happens, a person is said to suffer from a condition called akinetopsia or "motion blindness," where motion is either very difficult or impossible to perceive. The most famous and well-studied case of akinetopsia is that of a 43-year-old woman known as L.M. (Zihl et al., 1983, 1991). Without the ability to perceive motion following a stroke,
L.M. was unable to successfully complete activities as simple as pouring a cup of tea. As she put it, "the fluid appeared to be frozen, like a glacier," and without the ability to perceive the tea rising in the cup, she had trouble knowing when to stop pouring. Her condition caused other, more serious problems as well. It was dif?cult for her to follow dialogue because she couldn't see the motions of a speaker's face and mouth, and people suddenly appeared or disappeared because she couldn't see them approaching or leaving. Crossing the street presented serious problems because at ?rst a car might seem far away, but then suddenly, without warning, it would appear very near. Thus, her disability was not just a social inconvenience but enough of a threat to the woman's well-being that she rarely ventured outside into the world of moving - and sometimes dangerous - objects.

Question 4

Review the evidence for the physiological basis of perceiving biological motion.

Accepted Answer

The answer of  Review the evidence for the physiological basis...

Question 5

In an apparent motion demonstration, two pictures are used. In one picture, a person's fist is located behind his head; in the other, the person's fist is located in front of their face at the same height. When slowly alternating between these pictures (less the five times a second), what apparent motion would result

Accepted Answer

A)   The fist would appear to go around the side of the head.?
B)   The fist would appear to "magically" pass through the head.
C)   The fist would appear to smash the head.
D)   No apparent motion would occur because the alternation is too slow.

Question 6

In one study, Zacks et al. (2009) recorded someone making a sandwich and asked participants to press a button when they thought one action was complete. The results of the study indicated that _____ were indicative of the end of an action.

Accepted Answer

A)   pauses
B)   changes in speed
C)   changes in hand orientation
D)   head movements

Question 7

In an apparent motion demonstration, two pictures are used. In one picture, a fist is located behind a board; in the other, the fist is located in front of the board at the same height. When rapidly alternating between these pictures, what apparent motion would result

Accepted Answer

A)   The fist would appear to go around the side of the board.
B)   The fist would appear to "magically" pass through the board.
C)   The fist would appear to smash the board.
D)   No apparent motion would occur; it would look like two still pictures.

Question 8

Tom is watching Terri walk across the room. According to Gibson, Tom perceives Terri _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   to be moving because her image is moving across his retina
B)   to be stationary because the background is stationary
C)   to be moving because of a local disturbance in the optic array
D)   to be stationary because the background texture is fixed

Question 9

Kourtzi and Kanwisher (2000) used fMRIs to show that "implied motion" stimuli cause _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   greater responses in the MT and MST than "no-implied motion" stimuli
B)   less firing in the MT and MST than "no-implied motion" stimuli
C)   less firing in the amygdala than the "house" pictures
D)   the same amount of firing in the MST as "house" pictures

Question 10

Describe Francesca Simion's work with biological motion in newborn infants.

Accepted Answer

The answer of  Describe Francesca Simion's work with biological motion...

Question 11

Camouflage can be interpreted as a problem of _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   figure-ground segregation
B)   binocular disparity
C)   induced movement
D)   the waterfall illusion

Question 12

Our ability to perceive movement when reading "message boards" that are used in advertising is based on _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   apparent movement?
B)   movement aftereffects
C)   waterfall effects?
D)   motion agnosia

Question 13

As Dore runs through the park, the flow signals that he is moving and not the environment. Gibson calls this _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   local disturbances in the optic array
B)   deletion in the optic array
C)   the global optic flow
D)   the bioptic flow

Question 14

Describe Freyd's (1983) study of implied motion.

Accepted Answer

The answer of  Describe Freyd's (1983) study of implied motion....

Question 15

In the pooling solution to the aperture problem, MT neurons receive signals from a number of neurons in the _____ and then combine these signals to determine the actual direction of motion.

Accepted Answer

A)   striate cortex
B)   prefrontal cortex
C)   cerebellum?
D)   central sulcus

Question 16

When L.M. tried to pour a cup of tea, she _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   had some trouble aiming, but was able to get most of it in the cup
B)   perceived the tea as frozen, like a glacier
C)   could do it accurately if she talked herself through the steps
D)   typically under-filled the cup because she could not judge the level

Question 17

The patient L.M. (studied by Zihl, et al.), who had cortical lesions that affected her motion perception, experienced

Accepted Answer

A)   no problems pouring a cup of coffee?
B)   no difficulty crossing a street
C)   difficulty following dialogue
D)   only minor social inconveniences

Question 18

In addition to describing movement detection in terms of the environment, researchers have proposed different ways to detect movement from a physiological perspective. The Reichardt detector is one solution. Which of the following is the greatest weakness of the Reichardt detector

Accepted Answer

A)   It only explains motion detection for images that cross the receptors.
B)   It only explains how eye movements can be accounted for in motion detection.
C)   It only is able to detect lateral movement of stimuli.
D)   It operates using excitatory and inhibitory signals.

Question 19

In monkeys, real-motion neurons have been located in _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   the extrastriate cortex
B)   the striate cortex
C)   the retina
D)   the brain stem

Question 20

Which of the following is true about the corollary discharge theory

Accepted Answer

A)   It can explain why you see a bird moving in flight when you are following it with your eyes.
B)   It has much behavioral support, but no physiological support yet.
C)   It has little behavioral support, but the comparator has been found in the IT cortex.
D)   It can explain why an afterimage seems to be stationary as you move your eye to different fixation points.

Exam 8: Perceiving Motion