The Fact That the Researcher Does Not Have Experimental Control

Multiple Choice

The fact that the researcher does not have experimental control over the independent variable and does not randomly assign participants to conditions results in a quasi-experimental design with results in which of the following?

A) The researcher being unable to rule out any threats to internal validity
B) A study that is no different than a correlational design
C) A weaker causal claim than a true experiment
D) An unethical study