Specific Deterrence Suggests That Criminal Sanctions Should Be So Powerful

Multiple Choice

Specific deterrence suggests that criminal sanctions should be so powerful that known criminals will never repeat their criminal acts. What do we know about harsh (powerful) sanctions and deterrence?

A) Experiencing harsh sanctions may cause severe psychological problems.
B) The stigma of harsh sanctions labels and locks people into criminal careers.
C) Harsh sanctions may result in defiance rather than deterrence.
D) All these things are known about harsh sanctions.