Substernal or Intrathoracic Thyroidectomy Is Indicated for Extensions of Goiters

Multiple Choice

Substernal or intrathoracic thyroidectomy is indicated for extensions of goiters that are encroaching into the substernal or intrathoracic regions,causing tracheal or esophageal obstruction.Access to the substernal compartment is typically facilitated by:

A) splitting the sternum.
B) using a right mini-thoracotomy approach.
C) using long instruments through a regular thyroid incision.
D) using a mediastinoscopy approach.