In the Drake Equation for Estimating the Possible Number of Technically

Multiple Choice

In the Drake equation for estimating the possible number of technically advanced civilizations in the Milky Way Galaxy,why does the factor for the rate at which solar-type stars form in a galaxy exclude massive stars with masses greater than about 1.5 times that of the Sun?

A) Such stars have much shorter lifetimes than it took for intelligent life to develop on Earth and hence should probably not be considered.
B) Such stars never develop a nuclear furnace in their interiors and hence can never heat any planet sufficiently to sustain life.
C) Such stars would never develop nuclear processes that could produce heavy elements (e.g., iron) needed for planetary formation.
D) Such stars are prone to repeated and violent supernova explosions throughout their lives, which would destroy any developing life-forms.