Match each definition to the corresponding term.
-Lev Vygotsky
A)Parental guidance, teaching effectiveness, television, and other external influences
B)Heredity, inborn traits, and inner motivation
C)Studied the development of intelligence in children and proposed a theory based on four predetermined stages of mental growth
D)Developed a bioecological model to explain expanding worries about school failure and behavioral, social, and emotional problems in children
E)Empty slate
F)Special stickers or objects given to children for performing specified behaviors that are then exchanged at prearranged times for their choice activities or items from a menu of rewards
G)In behavior modification, this means to change specific behaviors in the child through external reinforcement of some kind.
H)Realized that play was the engine that naturally drove learning in young children; set about finding ways to guide children’s natural desire to play and to help them find additional meaning in their play
I)Affects a person’s perception of children, how they learn, what their intentions are, and why they behave as they do
J)Believed human beings were capable of working cooperatively, living together peacefully, striving for self-improvement and self-fulfillment, and contributing to the common welfare of the community
K)Process by which adults help children learn appropriate ways to function as part of a group
L)Took the abstract theories of Carl Rogers and developed a systematic set of guidelines for effective interpersonal skills
M)Identified what he called the “zone of proximal educational development”; believed that children develop by exposure to skills, words, concepts, and tasks that are a little beyond their ability but within a “zone” of possible achievement
N)Snug binding of infants in strips of cloth or blankets
O)Focus on meeting minimal needs for health and safety
P)Aimed at controlling children’s behaviors, often by the use of punishment
Q)Held the view that the hope for world peace lay in a new education for young children
R)Modified Carkhuff’s work further to create an effective system for solving classroom management problems and motivating children to change their inappropriate behaviors

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