Do Goals and Plans Actually Facilitate Achievement

Multiple Choice

Do goals and plans actually facilitate achievement?

A) In general, goal-setting facilitates achievement, but plan-making has no effect on achievement.
B) In general, goal-setting and plan-making both facilitate achievement.
C) In general, goal-setting has no effect, but plan-making facilitates achievement.
D) In general, neither goal-setting nor plan-making has not been shown to have any effect on achievement.