According to the Expectancy Theory, Which of the Following Is

Multiple Choice

According to the expectancy theory, which of the following is true of instrumentality?

A) Managers promote high levels of instrumentality when they link performance to desired outcomes.
B) Managers promote instrumentality by ensuring that rewards are distributed to employees on the basis of their rank.
C) Managers create low levels instrumentality when the distribution of outcomes available in an organization is performance-based.
D) Managers create low levels of instrumentality when they link effort to performance.
E) Managers promote low levels of instrumentality when they communicate to employees that high performance will lead to a pay raise in the future.