At the Beginning of the Term, Researchers Measured the Attitudes

Multiple Choice

At the beginning of the term, researchers measured the attitudes of students taking a class in cross-cultural communication. At the end of the term, the students' attitudes were measured again. This is an example of a(n) _____ design.

A) nonequivalent control group
B) independent groups
C) one-shot case study
D) one-group pretest-posttest