Roberto Is a Hardworking Employee Who Has Never Received a Reward

Multiple Choice

Roberto is a hardworking employee who has never received a reward for his good work from his boss.As a result,Roberto never expects his good work to be rewarded.According to the expectancy theory,Roberto's lack of expectation of being rewarded reveals:

A) low valence for the outcome.
B) low instrumentality.
C) high instrumentality.
D) high valence for the outcome.
E) high expectancy.