Counterarguments to the Claim That African Americans Score Below Average

Multiple Choice

Counterarguments to the claim that African Americans score below average in IQ because of their "genetic heritage" include which of the following?

A) African Americans are more likely than European Americans to live in environments that are physically, educationally, and intellectually impoverished.
B) The assumptions, biases, and content of standard IQ tests do not always allow meaningful comparisons between ethnic, cultural, or racial groups.
C) European Americans do better on IQ tests written by European Americans, and African Americans do better on IQ tests devised by African Americans.
D) All of these are counterarguments against these claims.