James Is a 70-Year-Old Retired History Professor, Who Has Been

Multiple Choice

James is a 70-year-old retired history professor, who has been asked to take over a college class for a week.During his first lecture, James is concerned that any slip in his memory will confirm stereotypes about older people being forgetful.Because he is anxious and preoccupied about possible memory lapses, James actually does have problems with his memory.Psychologist Claude Steele referred to this as

A) scapegoating.
B) stereotype threat.
C) dogmatism.
D) cognitive dissonance.