Johnnie Had Difficulty Reading Even in Grade School

Multiple Choice

Johnnie had difficulty reading even in grade school. His teachers felt he would "never able to improve," and on numerous occasions, told him so. Even when they didn't say it directly, Johnnie knew how they felt. Since his teachers thought there was no hope for Johnnie, they didn't spend any time to improve his reading skills. Soon, he began to hate going to school, and his grades also suffered. Which of the following best explains Johnnie's situation?

A) The self-serving bias
B) The Golem effect
C) Kelly's model of attribution
D) Inaccurate information storage and retention
E) Selective attention and comprehension