How Does Canopy Shading Influence Succession of Pines and Deciduous

Multiple Choice

How does canopy shading influence succession of pines and deciduous trees in the Piedmont of North Carolina?

A) Canopy shading by deciduous trees is required for growth of pines.
B) Canopy shading by deciduous trees prevents establishment of pines until late in succession.
C) Canopy shading by deciduous trees prevents persistence of pines in late successional stages.
D) Canopy shading by pines prevents establishment of deciduous trees.
E) Canopy shading by pines kills deciduous trees that were established early in succession.