In Certain Experiments, Expert Chess Players and Beginning Players Have

Multiple Choice

In certain experiments, expert chess players and beginning players have tried to memorize patterns of chess pieces on a board, sometimes examining pieces arranged randomly and sometimes examining pieces arranged as they might appear in a well-played game. What conclusion emerged from those experiments?

A) Expert chess players quickly recognize patterns of pieces arranged in a familiar manner.
B) Expert chess players have a better memory, overall, than beginning players do.
C) Even after people have practiced chess for years, their ability to memorize the positions of pieces on the board has not changed.
D) Because of proactive interference, expert chess players are actually worse than beginners at recognizing and memorizing the position of pieces arranged in a familiar manner.