Several Studies Have Compared the Ability of Expert Chess Players

Multiple Choice

Several studies have compared the ability of expert chess players and beginners to memorize the positions of chess pieces arranged in various ways on the board. Which general conclusion do psychologists draw from the results of those studies?

A) People who become experts must develop greater reasoning abilities, because their memory differs in no way from that of beginners.
B) People who become experts in any field are likely to be worse than average at skills unrelated to that field.
C) An important part of expertise is the ability to recognize complex, familiar patterns.
D) Only people with a superior overall memory are likely to become experts at any skill.