Which of the Following Illustrates the Concept of Self-Handicapping

Multiple Choice

Which of the following illustrates the concept of self-handicapping?

A) Alice sets unrealistically high goals for herself because she thinks this will motivate her to work harder.
B) Bob is persuaded to buy something he doesn't really need, but then he is too embarrassed to return it to the store.
C) Cassandra stays up all night talking with friends before her final exam so she can blame her low score on staying up all night if she fails.
D) Donald continues to be a smoker, even though he just wrote a paper explaining the health risks involved in smoking.