For Each of the Following Activities, Characteristics, and Applications, Tell

Essay

For each of the following activities, characteristics, and applications, tell whether they are primarily labelled as being found in a centralized organization, a decentralized organization, or both types of organizations.
a. Freedom for managers at lower organizational levels to make decisions.
b. Gathering information may be very expensive.
c. Greater responsiveness to user needs.
d. Have few interdependencies among divisions.
e. Maximum constraints and minimum freedom for managers at lowest levels.
f. Maximization of benefits over costs.
g. Minimization of duplicate functions.
h. Minimum of sub optimization.
i. Multiple responsibility centres with various reporting units.
j. Profit centres