The Following Four Crosses All Apply to Diploid Organisms $F_{1}$

Essay

The following four crosses all apply to diploid organisms.Assume that all the parents are true breeding.You are given the phenotypes of the parental generation and the phenotypic ratio of the F₂ generation.You must supply the following information.
1) genotypes of the parents
2) the phenotypic ratio expected for a testcross of the $F_{1}$
3) a diagram of the chromosomes of the $F_{1}$ in cross (c) at metaphase I Define your symbols.
a)
$\begin{array}{clll}\text { Pcross } & \text { Genotypes } & \text { Phenotypic } & \text { Testcross of } F_{1} \\& \text { of parents } & \text { Ratio in } F_{2} & \text { (phenotypic ratio, }\\\hline\text { Brown } \times \text { red }&\text {Brown }\underline{\quad\quad}&9 \text {red-brown}&\underline{\quad\quad}\\&&3\text {red}&\underline{\quad\quad} \\&\text {Red}\underline{\quad\quad}&\text {3 brown}&\underline{\quad\quad}\\&&\text {1 white}&\underline{\quad\quad}\end{array}$ b) $\begin{array}{clll}\text { Pcross } & \text { Genotypes } & \text { Phenotypic } & \text { Testcross of } F_{1} \\& \text { of parents } & \text { Ratio in } F_{2} & \text { (phenotypic ratio, }\\\hline\text { Red } \times \text {tall}&\text { Red }\underline{\quad\quad}&1 \text {red,tall}&\underline{\quad\quad}\\&&2\text {red, intermediate}&\underline{\quad\quad} \\&&2 \text { pink, tall }\\&\text {Tall}\underline{\quad\quad}&4\text { pink intermediate}&\underline{\quad\quad}\\&&2 \text {pink, short}&\underline{\quad\quad}\\&&1 \text {white, tall}\\&&2 \text {white, intermediate}\\&&1 \text {white, short}\end{array}$ c) $\begin{array}{llll}\text { Pcross } &\text { Genotypes }&\text { Phenotypic } & \text { Testcross of } F_{1}\\&\text { of parents }& \text { Ratio in } F_{2} & \text { (phenotypic ratio) } \\\hline\text { albino } 1 \times \text { albino } 2&\text { albino 1 }\underline{\quad\quad}&\text { 9 wild type }&\underline{\quad\quad}\\&&\text { 7 albino}&\underline{\quad\quad}\\& \text { albino } 2\underline{\quad\quad}\end{array}$ Diagram the chromosomes at metaphase I.Give all possible arrangements of the bivalents.Assume there is no crossing over between genes and centromeres.