Pacemaker Activity

Multiple Choice

Pacemaker activity

A) refers to spontaneous depolarizations of the membrane resulting from shifts in passive ionic fluxes accompanying automatic changes in channel permeability.
B) refers to spontaneous depolarizations of the membrane due to cyclical changes in Na⁺-K⁺ pump activity.
C) is characteristic of single-unit smooth muscle but not found in any other muscle type.
D) both (a) and (c) above.
E) both (b) and (c) above.