The Text Describes the Conditioning of Learned Helplessness in Dogs

Multiple Choice

The text describes the conditioning of learned helplessness in dogs. According to the text discussion, why did the dogs display learned helplessness?

A) The dogs were reinforced for passive behavior.
B) All other operant responses were punished.
C) The dogs had developed the cognitive expectation that there was nothing they could do to escape or change their environment.
D) The behavior they needed to learn was too complex for dogs to perform.