Do Tuberculatus Quercicola That Are Farmed by Formica Yesensis Experience

Multiple Choice

Do Tuberculatus quercicola that are farmed by Formica yesensis experience any type of tradeoff?

A) No, it is a beneficial relationship for both ants and aphids.
B) Yes, aphids pay a price because their fecundity and growth are reduced.
C) No, aphids are protected from predators by the ants and the populations never suffer.
D) Yes, aphids suffer reduced fecundity and growth, and the population also experiences losses from predators.