The Symbols +, −, and 0 Are to Be Used

Multiple Choice

The symbols +, −, and 0 are to be used to show the results of interactions between individuals and groups of individuals in the examples that follow. The symbol + denotes a positive interaction, − denotes a negative interaction, and 0 denotes where individuals are not affected by interacting. The first symbol refers to the first organism mentioned.
-Recall that Clements's view of biological communities is that of a highly predictable and interrelated structure, while Gleason's view of biological communities is that individual species operate independently. If we set up many identical sterilized ponds in the same area and allowed them to be colonized, what should we predict if we wished to test Gleason's hypothesis?

A) Identical plankton communities will develop in all ponds.
B) Similar plankton communities will develop in all ponds.
C) Different plankton communities will develop in all ponds.
D) Limited plankton communities will develop in all ponds.
E) Initially the number of species in each pond will be greater than the number normally found in similar environments.