An Animal Hears 100 Tones and Experiences 100 Shocks

Multiple Choice

An animal hears 100 tones and experiences 100 shocks. Shock follows the tone closely in time on two trials only. According to a contingency view, what does the animal most likely learn?

A) nothing, since tone is both paired and not paired with shock
B) a weak tone-shock relationship
C) a contrast effect, because shock was expected but not delivered on many trials
D) that tone is a safety signal predicting that shock is unlikely to occur