Question 1

Most clinical psychologists today work:

Accepted Answer

A) as consultants for criminal investigators. 
B) in academia. 
C) as government researchers. 
D) in private practices or in partnerships. D

Question 2

A _____ treats individuals with psychological problems and is allowed to prescribe medication.

Accepted Answer

A) psychiatrist 
B) psychologist 
C) clinical psychologist 
D) cognitive neuroscientist A

Question 3

The research of _____,in which the maze performance of rats was measured before and after brain surgery,was a forerunner of today's behavioral neuroscience.

Accepted Answer

A) E.O.Wilson 
B) B.F.Skinner 
C) Karl Lashley 
D) Sir Frederic Bartlett C

Question 4

_____ psychologists believe that our minds are collections of specialized "modules" that solve the problems faced by our ancestors as they attempted to eat,mate,and reproduce over millions of years.

Accepted Answer

A) Cultural 
B) Evolutionary 
C) Organizational 
D) Humanistic

Question 5

In Pavlov's classic experiment,the sound of a tone was the _____ that produced a _____ of salivation in dogs,even in the absence of food.

Accepted Answer

A) response;stimulus 
B) stimulus;response 
C) reinforcer;stimulus 
D) stimulus;reinforcer

Question 6

Nature is to nurture as:

Accepted Answer

A) stimulus is to reaction. 
B) behaviorism is to evolutionary psychology. 
C) nativism is to philosophical empiricism. 
D) introspection is to functionalism.

Question 7

A psychologist develops a new treatment plan for depression,which involves teaching people different techniques of improving self-esteem.He implements the treatment plan successfully in the United States and obtains good results.If the psychologist is a relativist,is he likely to use the same treatment plan for depression in Japan?

Accepted Answer

A) yes,because he is likely to believe that,if a treatment is effective in one culture,it will be effective in all cultures 
B) yes,because he is likely to believe that all cultures use the same techniques to diagnose depression 
C) no,because he is likely to believe that different cultures emphasize different symptoms of depression 
D) no,because he is likely to believe that treatment for depression is based on whether the individual suffering from depression realizes whether or not he or she is depressed

Question 8

Audrey emphasizes the positive potential in her clients and feels it is her job to guide them in realizing this potential.Audrey is MOST likely a:

Accepted Answer

A) behaviorist. 
B) cognitive therapist. 
C) humanistic psychologist. 
D) psychoanalyst.

Question 9

By asking people to pay attention to and record their feelings and perceptions of an event,Wilhelm Wundt used the method of _____ to analyze the basic structure of conscious experience.

Accepted Answer

A) natural selection 
B) brain scanning 
C) introspection 
D) reinforcement

Question 10

William James suggested that consciousness should be examined depending on the purposes served by mental processes,as suggested by _____,rather than trying to break it down into specific elements,as suggested by _____.

Accepted Answer

A) functionalism;structuralism 
B) functionalism;natural selection 
C) structuralism;functionalism 
D) structuralism;empiricism

Question 11

_____ stresses the importance of studying observable behaviors and ignores the mental processes involved in different tasks.

Accepted Answer

A) Behaviorism 
B) Natural selection 
C) Humanism 
D) Cognitive psychology

Question 12

Which statement is NOT true about B.F.Skinner?

Accepted Answer

A) He developed a specialized chamber in which rats could press levers to earn food. 
B) He proposed the psychoanalytic theory. 
C) He denied the existence of free will. 
D) He developed the principle of reinforcement.

Question 13

Cognitive psychology addressed the critiques of behaviorism by applying scientific methods to the study of:

Accepted Answer

A) mental processes such as memory,perception,and thought. 
B) stimulus-response learning. 
C) the unconscious mind. 
D) neurological mechanisms underlying observable behavior.

Question 14

To better understand the Nazi atrocities,social psychologists began to study:

Accepted Answer

A) the evolutionary basis of aggression. 
B) conformity and obedience. 
C) cultural differences between the United States and Germany. 
D) differences in brain functioning between violent criminals and normal people.

Question 15

Helmholtz was a _____ who studied _____.

Accepted Answer

A) philosopher;the mind-body problem 
B) behavioral neuroscientist;the maze performance of rats 
C) personality theorist;the shape of skulls 
D) physiologist;reaction time

Exam 1: Evolution of Psychological Science-Part D