Stan's Study Examined the Differences in Self-Concept Between Children Enrolled

Multiple Choice

Stan's study examined the differences in self-concept between children enrolled in a summer outdoor adventure program and those who were not. The adventure group children had slightly higher self-concept prior to the program than the comparison group, so Stan took individual's initial self-concept score into consideration when he examined his data. Which of the following strategies for controlling extraneous variables did Stan employ?

A) Matching
B) Comparing homogeneous subgroups
C) Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)
D) Manipulation of independent variable