Which of the Following Statements About Fitness and Natural Selection

Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements about fitness and natural selection is true?

A) The fitness of individuals of a particular phenotype is a function of the probability that such individuals survive, divided by the average number of offspring they produce.
B) The fitness of individuals of a particular phenotype is a function of the probability that such individuals survive, multiplied by the average number of offspring they produce.
C) Changes in the absolute numbers of offspring necessarily lead to changes in allele frequencies from one generation to the next.
D) Both a and b
E) Both b and c