Which of the Following Statements Can Explain Why an Association

Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements can explain why an association between Event A and Event B may not imply causality from A to B?

A) ​The observed association may be coincidental.
B) ​There may be a third variable that is responsible for causing both events.
C) ​Causality may run from Event B to Event A instead of in the opposite direction.
D) ​All of the above can explain why an association between Event A and Event B may not imply causality from A to B.