Sandra Is a Witness to a Bank Robbery

Multiple Choice

Sandra is a witness to a bank robbery.When asked to identify the culprit in a lineup,she brings her friend Tom with her.After Sandra identified the culprit,Tom says the guy she identified really stood out;he looked meaner and tougher than the rest of the people in the lineup.It seems,perhaps,that Sandra's identification could have been tainted by

A) photo bias.
B) the misinformation effect.
C) the inadequate functional size of the lineup.
D) the fact that a show-up procedure was used.