How Does the Rotation of the C Ring Lead to ATP

Multiple Choice

How does the rotation of the c ring lead to ATP synthesis?

A) The c ring is linked tightly to the gamma and epsilon subunits in the stalk of F₁.
B) The c ring interacts with the beta subunit.
C) The gamma subunit rotates with proton gradient formation, inducing the binding-change mechanism.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.