The Presence of Association Between Two Variables Does Not Necessarily

Multiple Choice

The presence of association between two variables does not necessarily imply causation for the following reason(s) :

A) the association between two variables may result simply from pure chance
B) the association between two variables may be the result of the influence of a third common factor
C) both variables may be the cause and the effect at the same time
D) a and b
E) a,b,and c