Gunnar Spent the First Four Years of His Life Living

Multiple Choice

Gunnar spent the first four years of his life living with various family members and in various foster homes. Maggie, his second cousin, adopted Gunnar about six months ago. Although she provides him with love, support, and stimulation, Gunnar does not seem attached to her. He resists any kind of affection and prefers to be by himself rather than socialize with his new family. According to the DSM-5, Gunnar probably has _____.

A) reactive attachment disorder
B) oppositional defiant disorder
C) a severe cognitive impairment
D) post-traumatic stress disorder