Josh, a Graduate Student in Psychology, Wishes to Use Classical

Multiple Choice

Josh, a graduate student in psychology, wishes to use classical conditioning to condition a learned taste aversion in pigeons. Given what you read about biological preparedness in the text, which of the following would be the easiest to use as his conditioned stimulus?

A) a painful stimulus, such as electrical shock
B) a taste stimulus, such as flavored water
C) a visual stimulus, such as colored water
D) an auditory stimulus, such as a loud noise