Carla and Mike Are Discussing Secure Attachment in Infancy

Multiple Choice

Carla and Mike are discussing secure attachment in infancy. Carla believes that secure attachment in an infant's life provides an important foundation for psychological development that occurs later in life. She strongly feels that there is enough evidence to support this. However, Mike rejects her view. Which of the following statements, if true, supports Mike's view?

A) Studies have shown that a mother's negative emotional reactions (anger and anxiety) to her infant's crying do not have an effect either on the child's attachment security or on the child's psychological development later in life.
B) It has been proven that social agents and contexts seldom influence an infant's secure attachment and thereby later development.
C) Biologically based factors such as genes and temperament have not been given adequate consideration on how they influence an infant's secure attachment and thereby later development.
D) It has been observed and proven in all cultures that secure attachment is the least common factor to influence an infant's later development.