​Which of These Smokers Exhibits an Optimistic Bias

Multiple Choice

​Which of these smokers exhibits an optimistic bias?

A) ​Jim overestimates the danger of smoking and believes he has a very high chance of developing a smoking-related disease before age 60.
B) ​Loraine believes that smoking is not really dangerous and she has about the same risk for smoking-related diseases as other people have.
C) ​Robbie overestimates the danger of smoking and believes that she has about the same risk for smoking-related diseases as do other people.
D) ​Joe understands the danger of smoking but believes that his risk of getting a smoking-related disease is less than that of other smokers.