Essay
Hox genes are highly conserved players in anteroposterior patterning and were named for the homeotic transformations exhibited by their mutants in Drosophila. 
Figure
A. The original Antp mutant has legs in place of antennae. Is this a gain- or loss-of-function mutation?
B. The original Ubx mutant has a second set of wings instead of halteres (flying organs normally found on the third thoracic segment). Is this a gain- or loss-of-function mutation?
C. Although the role of Hox genes in anteroposterior patterning is conserved in vertebrates, HoxA9-13 and D9-13 are used in proximodistal limb patterning. What evolutionary events made acquisition of this novel function possible?
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