Deck 11: Unobtrusive Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches

Question 1

Coding is said to be stable when the same content has been coded multiple times by the same person with different results each time.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Physical traces are objects created by humans that tell us something about their beliefs,values,or norms.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Unobtrusive methods are not suited to comparative research.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Content analysis of secondary sources and a review of literature are identical.

Question 5

Historical comparative methods focus on changes in multiple cases over time or on more than one nation or society at a single point in time.

Question 6

Reproducibility refers to the extent to which one's coding procedures correspond to some preexisting standard.

Question 7

Previously collected data sources enable researchers to conduct analysis without having to collect any of their own data.

Question 8

Hawthorne effect is a concern for unobtrusive researchers.

Question 9

The Wisconsin Longitudinal Study is a source of qualitative data.

Question 10

Unobtrusive research is relatively high-cost compared to other methods.

Question 11

A content analysis of scholarly literature would raise questions not raised in a literature review.

Question 12

The General Social Survey (GSS)is one of the most commonly used sources of publicly available data among quantitative researchers.

Question 13

Unobtrusive methods share the unique quality that they require the researcher to interact with the people he or she is studying.

Question 14

The Murray Research Archive Harvard offers case histories and quantitative interview data.

Question 15

It is difficult to correct mistakes made in data collection when conducting unobtrusive research than any of the other methods.

Question 16

Problems of validity arise in unobtrusive research projects.

Question 17

One of the ways of overcoming problems of reproducibility is to have coders code together.

Question 18

Latent content is the content we observe which is most apparent; it is the surface content.

Question 19

Both qualitative and quantitative researchers use unobtrusive research methods.

Question 20

Content analysis is as a way of studying texts and their meaning.

Question 21

Qualitative content analyses differ from quantitative content analyses in that qualitative content analyses:

A)involve assigning numerical values to raw data so that it can be analyzed using various statistical procedures.
B)aim to identify themes in the text being analyzed and to identify the underlying meaning of those themes.
C)are exclusively used by unobtrusive researchers.
D)are exclusively used by obtrusive researchers.
E)is exclusively used for primary data resources.

Question 22

Original sources of data that have not already been analyzed are referred to as _____.

A)primary sources
B)"cooked" data sources
C)unnatural data types
D)secondary sources
E)tertiary sources

Question 23

Content analysis is a:

A)type of obtrusive research that involves interviewing people in their natural settings.
B)qualitative method of data collection that involves observing,interacting with,and interviewing people in their natural settings.
C)part of field research that involve spending time with and watching one's research participants.
D)semistructured meeting between a researcher and respondent in which the researcher asks a series of open-ended questions.
E)type of unobtrusive research that involves the study of human communications.

Question 24

Hawthorne effect:

A)occurs when research subjects alter their behaviors because they know that they are being studied.
B)is a concern for unobtrusive researchers.
C)is not a concern for obtrusive researchers.
D)occurs when the preconceptions of a researcher shape her or his findings.
E)refers to the extent to which the results of coding vary across different time periods.

Question 25

The research that refers to methods of collecting data that don't interfere with the subjects under study is _____.

A)causal research
B)social research
C)action research
D)unobtrusive research
E)experimental research

Question 26

Which of the following is an example of a material artifact?

A)The worn path across a campus
B)Graffiti on the walls
C)Buttons from a Civil War soldier's uniform
D)The wear on the floor tiles of a supermarket
E)The wear on the pages of a library book

Question 27

Which of the following is an action of review of literature?

A)Researchers analyze primary materials.
B)Researchers analyze data collected through material artifacts and physical traces.
C)Researchers analyze secondary materials to try and understand about a particular topic.
D)Magazines and newspapers publish the sources of data.
E)The general public publishes relevant primary data.

Question 28

Quantitative content analyses differ from qualitative content analyses in that quantitative content analyses:

A)involve assigning numerical values to raw data so that it can be analyzed using various statistical procedures.
B)aim to identify themes in the text being analyzed and to identify the underlying meaning of those themes.
C)are exclusively used by unobtrusive researchers.
D)are exclusively used by obtrusive researchers.
E)is exclusively used for primary data resources.

Question 29

Which of the following is a strength of unobtrusive research?

A)It has no problems with regard to validity.
B)It is easy to account for social context.
C)It is well suited to studies that focus on processes that occur over time.
D)It interacts directly with the research participants.
E)Data sources measuring whatever a researcher wishes to examine always exist.

Question 30

Which of the following is true about unobtrusive research?

A)It allows easier correction of mistakes than other methods of data collection.
B)It is easier in unobtrusive research projects to account for context.
C)The Hawthorne effect is a risk in unobtrusive research as it is in other methods of data collection.
D)Qualitative researchers seldom use unobtrusive methods of data collection.
E)Quantitative researchers seldom use unobtrusive methods of data collection.

Question 31

Which of the following is true of material artifacts?

A)The researcher has access to the people who created the artifacts.
B)Analyzing their meaning is more complicated than from what is conveyed through the researcher's contextual position.
C)There are no issues regarding the validity and reliability.
D)It is easy to analyze the meanings of the artifacts.
E)It is simple to analyze meanings of these materials even if they come from some historical or cultural context other than the researcher's own.

Question 32

Which of the following is an example of a physical trace?

A)Buttons from a Civil War soldier's uniform
B)Gold coins found in a sunken ship that went missing during the 1880's
C)Idols found during an excavation at an archaeological site
D)Ancient tools used by men during the stone age period
E)The worn path across a campus

Question 33

Which of the following is not a concern for unobtrusive researchers?

A)Sampling bias
B)Response bias
C)Hawthorne effect
D)Error in the contingency table
E)Error while determine Pearson's r

Question 34

Which of the following is an example of collecting evidence through material artifacts?

A)Ally Clark,a research student,decides that she will start her data collection by going through mementos left on gravestones.
B)Hayley Williams,a human resources executive,decides to collect data by interviewing some of the employees.
C)Clint Cameron,a marketing executive,opts for a survey research and decides to collect data through questionnaires.
D)Violet Graham,a marketing executive,organizes a focus group and collects data from the observations during the focus group.
E)Serena Carter,an intern in a software company,collects data that is related to job satisfaction by preparing a questionnaire and mailing it to all the employees in the company.

Question 35

In a _____,researchers analyze secondary materials to try and understand what we know,and what we don't know,about a particular topic.

A)focus group research to develop new ideas
B)review of literature
C)complete participation
D)code sheet
E)complete observation

Question 36

Which of the following statements is true about analyzing material artifacts?

A)Analyzing their meaning is as simple as understanding them from the researcher's own contextual position.
B)The researcher has access to the people who created the artifacts.
C)It is easy to analyze the meanings of the artifacts.
D)There are no issues regarding the validity and reliability.
E)It tells researchers about their beliefs,values,or norms.

Question 37

Which of the following is an example of unobtrusive research methods?

A)A historical comparative research
B)A focus group research
C)A simple dichotomous interview research
D)A complex dichotomous interview research
E)A research that uses census to collect data

Question 38

Sources of data that have been analyzed or otherwise tweaked for presentation by others are known as _____.

A)primitive data types
B)primary sources
C)secondary sources
D)"raw" data sources
E)natural sources

Question 39

Which among the following is a feature of unobtrusive research?

A)It requires the researcher to interact with the people she or he is studying.
B)Qualitatative researchers do not use unobtrusive research.
C)Quantitative researchers do not use unobtrusive research.
D)It refers to methods of collecting data that interfere with the subjects under study.
E)Interaction of the researcher with the subjects is not required in this research.

Question 40

_____ occurs when the preconceptions of an interviewer-either intentionally or,more typically unintentionally-shape her or his findings.

A)Hawthorne effect
B)Response bias
C)Cognitive dissonance
D)Researcher bias
E)Questionnaire framing effect

Question 41

Explain unobtrusive research.

Question 42

Outline the differences between manifest content and latent content.

Question 43

Identify the major weaknesses of unobtrusive research.

Question 44

Which of the following is the instrument used by an unobtrusive researcher to record observations?

A)A control chart
B)A histogram
C)A scatter plot
D)An in-depth interview
E)A code sheet

Question 45

Which of the following is a source of quantitative data?

A)UNC Wilson Library
B)The Murray Research Archive Harvard
C)Oral History Office
D)Center for Demography of Health and Aging
E)Institute for Research on Women and Gender

Question 46

Define stability and describe strategies for overcoming problems of stability.

Question 47

Stephen Carter has been assigned to conduct a research for a home furnishing company.He collects data from material artifacts like used kitchen utensils.Which of the following instruments should Stephen typically use while recording his observations?

A)Analytical field notes
B)Bar graphs
C)Pie charts
D)Code sheets
E)Descriptive field notes

Question 48

The extent to which one's coding procedures correspond to some pre-existing standard is referred to as _____.

A)reproducibility
B)validity
C)stability
D)reliability
E)accuracy

Question 49

Name at least two sources of publicly available qualitative data.

Question 50

_____ is the extent to which one's coding procedures will result in the same results when the same text is coded by different people.

A)Intercoder social interaction
B)Intercoder sustainability
C)Intercoder reliability
D)Intercoder temporality
E)Intercoder rapport

Question 51

Which of the following is a source of qualitative data?

A)Carolina Population Center
B)Oral History Office
C)Institute for Social & Economic Research
D)International Social Survey Programme
E)National Opinion Research Center

Question 52

_____ content is the content observed by the researcher which is most apparent; it is the surface content.

A)Latent
B)Underlying
C)Manifest
D)Conceptual
E)Concealed

Question 53

Name at least two sources of publicly available quantitative data.

Question 54

Which of the following statements is true of reproducibility?

A)A standard coding strategy is established for whatever text is being analyzed.
B)Cognitive differences among the individuals coding data may result in problems with reproducibility.
C)It is the extent to which one's coding procedures will result in different results when the same text is coded by the same person.
D)One of the ways of overcoming problems of reproducibility is to have coders code separately.
E)Ambiguous coding instructions seldom have any effect on reproducibility.

Question 55

How can a researcher avoid instability in the coding procedures?

A)By avoiding simple coding errors
B)By ignoring ambiguities in the text
C)By having all the coders code together
D)By altering the original data sources
E)By coding the data just once

Question 56

Define historical comparative research.

Question 57

_____ content refers to the underlying meaning of the surface content we observe.

A)Manifest
B)Latent
C)Most apparent
D)Dispensable
E)Critical

Question 58

Define the Hawthorne effect and its relevance to unobtrusive research.

Question 59

How can a researcher avoid reproducibility related problems?

A)By avoiding ambiguous coding instructions
B)By altering the original textual data
C)By ignoring the cognitive differences between individuals coding the data
D)By having all the coders code separately
E)By ignoring ambiguities in the text

Question 60

Discuss the differences between qualitative and quantitative content analysis.

Question 61

_____ is a type of unobtrusive research that involves the study of human communications.

Question 62

_____ has to do with multiple coders' results being the same for the same text.

Question 63

The General Social Survey (GSS)is one of the most commonly used sources of publicly available data among _____ researchers.

Question 64

_____ is not a concern for unobtrusive researchers since they do not interact directly with their research participants.

Question 65

Define accuracy and describe strategies for overcoming problems of accuracy.

Question 66

_____refers to methods of collecting data that don't interfere with the subjects under study.