Deck 4: Cells: the Working Units of Life

Question 1

The structure of endoplasmic reticulum is not visible under a light microscope,but it can be seen with an electron microscope because

A) electron beams have more energy than light beams.
B) electron microscopes focus light with magnets.
C) electron microscopes have more resolving power than light microscopes.
D) electrons have such high energy that they pass through biological samples.
E) living cells can be observed under the electron microscope.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

A spherical cell with a diameter of 10 $\mu$ m would exchange substances and waste products with its environment more efficiently than a _______,all else being equal.

A) spherical cell with a diameter of 7 $\mu$ m
B) flattened cell of the same volume
C) spherical cell with a diameter of 15 $\mu$ m
D) cuboidal cell of the same volume
E) None of the above;all cells exchange substances and waste products with the environment at the same rate,irrespective of size and shape.

Answer 2

spherical cell with a diameter of 15 $\mu$ m

Question 3

The surface area-to-volume ratio of a cell

A) remains constant throughout the life of the cell.
B) increases if the cell grows larger without changing shape.
C) decreases if the cell changes from a cuboidal to flattened shape.
D) is larger in a large cuboidal-shaped cell than in a small cuboidal-shaped cell.
E) increases if the cell develops folds in its cell membrane.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

A major distinction between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is that

A) prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus,whereas eukaryotic cells do.
B) prokaryotic cells do not have DNA,whereas eukaryotic cells do.
C) prokaryotic cells are larger than eukaryotic cells.
D) prokaryotic cells have not prospered,whereas eukaryotic cells are evolutionary "successes."
E) prokaryotic cells cannot obtain energy from their environment,whereas eukaryotic cells can.

Question 5

Members of the domains Bacteria and Archaea have

A) a nucleus but no nuclear membrane.
B) ribosomes but no endoplasmic reticulum.
C) chloroplasts but no mitochondria.
D) cytoplasm but no cell membrane.
E) dissolved ions and molecules but no ribosomes.

Question 6

If a physician took a biopsy of one of your lymph nodes and wanted to see quickly if the cells in their living state looked normal,she could observe the cells using

A) an electron microscope but not a light microscope.
B) an electron microscope or a light microscope.
C) a light microscope.
D) a light microscope or her naked eye.
E) her naked eye.

Question 7

Suppose that a 1-mm cube is manipulated to become a 3-mm cube.Which statement about the surface area-to-volume ratio is correct?

A) The 3-mm cube has a higher ratio than the 1-mm cube had.
B) The ratio decreased as the cube became smaller.
C) The increase in the cube's volume tripled the ratio.
D) The ratio decreased as the cube became larger.
E) The ratio did not change.

Question 8

A prokaryotic cell has _______ but does not have _______.

A) a nucleus;membrane-bound organelles
B) a nucleus;DNA
C) DNA;membrane-bound organelles
D) membrane-bound organelles;ribosomes
E) RNA;DNA

Question 9

Which of the following represents is the correct arrangement of items in order of size,from smallest to largest?

A) Lipid molecule;carbon atom;bacterium;virus;plant cell
B) Bacterium;virus;carbon atom;lipid molecule;plant cell
C) Carbon atom;lipid molecule;virus;bacterium;plant cell
D) Plant cell;bacterium;virus;carbon atom;lipid molecule
E) Carbon atom;lipid molecule;bacterium;virus;plant cell

Question 10

A spherical cell with which diameter could respond most quickly to a chemical change in the surrounding fluid (all else being equal)?

A) 10 $\mu$ m
B) 20 $\mu$ m
C) 1 $\mu$ m
D) 2,000 nm
E) All cells would respond with equal speed.

Question 11

Which molecule will cross a cell membrane most easily?

A) A large molecule such as hemoglobin
B) A small molecule such as glucose
C) Genetic material such as DNA
D) A highly polar molecule such as water
E) A lipid-soluble substance such as testosterone

Question 12

As a living cell grows larger,in what ways do its metabolic processes change?

A) Its need for resources increases.
B) Its rate of waste production decreases.
C) Movement of substances within the cell becomes faster.
D) The amount of surface area needed to support its metabolic processes decreases.
E) Its needs for nutrients decreases.

Question 13

All cellular membranes

A) regulate which materials can cross the membrane.
B) support the cell and determine its shape.
C) produce energy for the cell.
D) produce proteins for the cell.
E) move the cell.

Question 14

The cell membrane

A) prevents communication with other cells.
B) provides an impermeable barrier between the inside and outside of the cell.
C) helps maintain a constant internal environment.
D) is covered in proteins that prevent adhesion to surfaces.
E) keeps hemoglobin within the plasma of the blood.

Question 15

Most cells are small because

A) a reduced surface area-to-volume ratio increases metabolic rates within the cell.
B) a larger surface area-to-volume ratio increases the efficiency of processes within the cell.
C) small cells are able to live longer than large cells.
D) small cells lose less heat to the environment than large cells.
E) it is easier to package small cells within a cell wall.

Question 16

Most of the cells in the human body (your blood cells,for example)are

A) smaller than a mitochondrion,but larger than most molecules.
B) smaller than small molecules,but larger than an atom.
C) smaller than the period at the end of this sentence,but larger than most bacteria.
D) about the size of the period at the end of this sentence.
E) larger than the period at the end of this sentence,but smaller than the width of one of your hairs.

Question 17

If a cell needed to increase its surface area without changing its volume in order to carry out cellular processes more efficiently,it could do this most effectively

A) by creating deep invaginations in the cell membrane.
B) by becoming spherical in shape.
C) by becoming flatter.
D) by becoming columnar-shaped (tall and narrow).
E) It is impossible for a cell to increase its surface area without changing its volume.

Question 18

If you were a medical researcher being consulted about a patient,which condition would most likely require you to use the method of analysis shown in the figure below?

A) Mitochondrial disease
B) Coronary artery blockage
C) Heart attack
D) Athlete's foot
E) Broken leg

Question 19

The genetic material of prokaryotic cells is found in the

A) cell membrane.
B) nucleus.
C) ribosome.
D) nucleoid.
E) mitochondria.

Question 20

The surface area-to-volume ratio of an object will be decreased most by a process that

A) cuts it into smaller pieces.
B) flattens it.
C) stretches it.
D) makes it spherical.
E) makes it cube-shaped.

Question 21

You find a previously unknown single-celled organism in a water sample.While studying it,you find that the organism is photosynthetic and has a cell membrane surrounded by a layer of peptidoglycan (carbohydrates linked to peptides).The organism contains DNA and RNA,but you see no nuclear membrane.This organism most likely belongs to which group?

A) Eukaryotes
B) Protists
C) Bacteria
D) Archaea
E) Animals

Question 22

What is the major distinction between a prokaryotic and a eukaryotic cell?

A) The DNA in a prokaryotic cell is not separated from the ribosomes.
B) A prokaryotic cell does not have RNA.
C) A prokaryotic cell is larger than a eukaryotic cell.
D) Prokaryotic cells can build tissues but not organs.
E) A prokaryotic cell is functionally simpler than a eukaryotic cell and its biochemical reactions occur more slowly.

Question 23

If a cell is making a protein that is then going to be modified and packaged for export out of the cell,what is the order of structures it will most likely pass through?

A) Vesicle;smooth ER;Golgi apparatus
B) Rough ER;Golgi apparatus;vesicle
C) Golgi apparatus;rough ER;ribosome
D) Rough ER;Golgi apparatus;lysosome
E) Smooth ER;Golgi apparatus;vesicle

Question 24

If a cell lacked ribosomes,it would not be able to

A) translate messenger RNA into DNA.
B) make RNA from DNA.
C) translate proteins into messenger RNA.
D) transcribe DNA into mRNA.
E) make proteins.

Question 25

The membrane surrounding each organelle

A) is composed primarily of hydrophobic proteins.
B) regulates movement into and out of the organelle.
C) is studded with ribosomes.
D) allows for interactions among molecules.
E) is perforated with pores.

Question 26

The _______ of a prokaryote is/are its most primitive feature.

A) cell wall
B) internal membranes
C) flagella
D) nucleoid
E) cytoskeleton

Question 27

The figure below is an electron micrograph of _______.The picture could have been taken of cellular material from _______.

A) chloroplasts;a plant but not an animal
B) ribosomes;an animal but not a plant
C) mitochondria;a plant or animal
D) ribosomes;a plant or animal
E) the Golgi apparatus;a plant or animal

Question 28

If you used a stain that was specific for DNA,which structure(s)within a cell from an oak leaf would most likely take up the stain?

A) The nucleus only
B) The nucleus and mitochondria only
C) The endoplasmic reticulum
D) The nucleus,chloroplasts,and mitochondria only
E) The nucleus,chloroplasts,mitochondria,and ribosomes

Question 29

Your mature red blood cells lack nuclei and mitochondria.This means that these cells most likely can

A) use ATP but cannot divide.
B) make mRNA but cannot make ATP.
C) transcribe genes but cannot translate RNA into proteins.
D) harvest solar energy but cannot replicate chromosomes.
E) transcribe DNA into RNA but cannot use ATP.

Question 30

If you wanted to stain the ribosomes in a cell,you could use a dye that stains

A) carbohydrates.
B) nucleic acids.
C) fatty acids.
D) basic (as opposed to acidic)components.
E) phospholipids.

Question 31

Prokaryotic cells generally are smaller than eukaryotic cells.Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this difference?

A) Prokaryotes have more diverse energy sources.
B) Prokaryotes have a capsule that limits cell growth.
C) The rigid cell wall of prokaryotes limits cell size.
D) Prokaryotes lack the genetic material needed for protein synthesis.
E) Eukaryotes have compartmentalization,which allows them to be structurally and functionally more complex.

Question 32

Use the following to answer questions :
Refer to the figure below.
If you could observe the living organism shown in the figure above,you would see that it can use the structures labeled 1 to

A) swim in a cork-screw-like motion.
B) grab prey.
C) guide itself through air.
D) sense the presence of predators.
E) move forward due to the structures' whipping motions.

Question 33

When you feed radioactive sulfur to a culture of bacteria,the radioactive label will be incorporated into the proteins of the cell,and you can use this as a signal to identify structures containing protein.Which structure(s)would you expect to find labeled?

A) Flagella,but not the peptidoglycan layer
B) Peptidoglycan layer,but not the capsule
C) Capsule,but not the ribosomes
D) Nucleoid,but not the cytoplasm
E) Capsule,but not the cytoskeleton

Question 34

A specialized structure found in most,but not all,prokaryotes is the

A) cell wall.
B) ribosome.
C) cytosol.
D) mitochondrion.
E) chloroplast.

Question 35

Use the following to answer questions :
Refer to the figure below.
The photograph of the organism shown above was most likely taken using a(n)_______,and the structures labeled 1 are most likely _______.

A) light microscope;cilia
B) light microscope;flagella
C) macro lens on a handheld camera;antennae
D) electron microscope;antennae
E) electron microscope;flagella

Question 36

Which of the following is/are found in prokaryotic cells?

A) Mitochondria
B) Chloroplasts
C) Nuclear membrane
D) Ribosomes
E) Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 37

One difference between plant cells and animal cells is that

A) plant cells lack mitochondria.
B) only animal cells contain centrioles.
C) only plant cells have free ribosomes.
D) plant cells lack a cytoskeleton.
E) only plant cells have peroxisomes.

Question 38

Ribosomes are made up of

A) DNA and RNA.
B) DNA and proteins.
C) RNA and proteins.
D) proteins only.
E) DNA only.

Question 39

Some bacteria are able to carry out photosynthesis due to the specialization of

A) their internal membranes.
B) other bacteria that they have engulfed.
C) their ribosomes.
D) their flagellin proteins.
E) their chloroplasts.

Question 40

The cytosol

A) is a static region of the cell.
B) contains DNA.
C) is composed largely of water and dissolved molecules.
D) supports the cell and determines its shape.
E) chemically modifies proteins and other molecules.

Question 41

What is the difference between "free" ribosomes and "attached" ribosomes?

A) Free ribosomes are found floating within vesicles,whereas attached ribosomes are found anchored to the endoplasmic reticulum.
B) Free ribosomes produce polypeptides in the cytosol,whereas attached ribosomes produce polypeptides that are inserted into the ER.
C) Free ribosomes produce polypeptides that are exported from the cell,whereas attached ribosomes make polypeptides for mitochondria and chloroplasts.
D) Free ribosomes are not organelles,whereas attached ribosomes are organelles.
E) Free ribosomes translate rRNA into polypeptides,whereas attached ribosomes translate mRNA into polypeptides.

Question 42

The function of the nuclear pores is to

A) synthesize and repair DNA,the unit of genetic information.
B) assemble ribosomes from raw materials that are synthesized in the nucleus.
C) communicate with components of the endomembrane system.
D) regulate movement of materials across the nuclear membrane.
E) support the nuclear envelope.

Question 43

Which organelle converts stored lipids to carbohydrates in plants?

A) Glyoxysome
B) Lysosome
C) Peroxisome
D) Phagosome
E) Ribosome

Question 44

Chromosomes are a series of entangled threads composed of

A) microtubules.
B) DNA and protein.
C) microfilament proteins.
D) cytoskeleton.
E) membranes.

Question 45

Polypeptides that are transported in vesicles are first made by

A) the Golgi apparatus.
B) ribosomes within the mitochondrion.
C) the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
D) ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
E) ribosomes within chloroplasts.

Question 46

Which organelle contains special enzymes to safely break down toxic by-products of oxidation?

A) Glyoxysome
B) Lysosome
C) Peroxisome
D) Phagosome
E) Ribosome

Question 47

Which organelle is generated by the cell membrane and contains macromolecules?

A) Glyoxysome
B) Lysosome
C) Peroxisome
D) Phagosome
E) Ribosome

Question 48

You were sent electron micrographs,but the labels fell off that identified them as to cell type.You know that one picture is of cells from the pancreas that secrete digestive enzymes;the other picture is of adrenal cells that secrete corticosteroid hormones.What clue will you look for to identify which picture is which?

A) The pancreatic cells will have fewer ribosomes than the adrenal cells.
B) The pancreatic cells will have more mitochondria than the adrenal cells.
C) The adrenal cells will have more SER than the pancreatic cells.
D) The adrenal cells will have more RER than the pancreatic cells.
E) The pancreatic cells will have more lysosomes than the adrenal cells.

Question 49

You would not expect to find RNA in which structure?

A) Nucleus
B) Mitochondrion
C) Vacuole
D) Ribosome
E) Prokaryotic cell

Question 50

The membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum are continuous with the membranes of the

A) nucleus.
B) peroxisomes.
C) nucleolus.
D) cell membrane.
E) mitochondria.

Question 51

Certain cells in your pancreas make digestive enzymes that are secreted into ducts and carried to your small intestine.If you looked at these pancreatic cells by electron microscopy,you would expect to see

A) large amounts of rough ER.
B) multiple nuclei per cell.
C) large numbers of primary lysosomes.
D) numerous cilia on the cell surfaces.
E) few ribosomes but numerous vacuoles.

Question 52

Steroids such as cholesterol are synthesized by

A) chloroplasts.
B) lysosomes.
C) the smooth ER.
D) the Golgi apparatus.
E) mitochondria.

Question 53

In examining a cell using the electron microscope,you see a structure that is composed of two membranes,contains numerous pores,and appears to be connected to a network of membrane-enclosed compartments.The structure you are observing is most likely the

A) Golgi apparatus.
B) rough endoplasmic reticulum.
C) nuclear envelope.
D) mitochondrion.
E) smooth ER.

Question 54

After a protein is made,what is one of the ways in which it can get to a specific location in a cell?

A) A carbohydrate group is added in the RER that tags the protein for a specific location.
B) The general flow of vesicles within the cell carries proteins to their proper location.
C) The nucleus adds a posttranscriptional tag to the protein that acts as an address.
D) The motor protein actin binds specific proteins and transports them to their target destinations.
E) Ribosomes package proteins into vesicles tagged with specific glycoproteins.

Question 55

The rough ER is the portion of the ER that

A) lacks ribosomes.
B) is the oldest and was once the smooth ER.
C) has ribosomes attached to it.
D) is connected to the Golgi apparatus.
E) is the site of steroid synthesis.

Question 56

Which organelle translates mRNA into polypeptides?

A) Glyoxysome
B) Lysosome
C) Peroxisome
D) Phagosome
E) Ribosome

Question 57

Which organelle is generated by the Golgi apparatus and contains digestive enzymes to hydrolyze macromolecules?

A) Glyoxysome
B) Lysosome
C) Peroxisome
D) Phagosome
E) Ribosome

Question 58

Ribosomes are the structures in which

A) chemical energy is stored in the form of ATP.
B) cell division is controlled.
C) genetic information is used to make proteins.
D) sunlight energy is converted into chemical energy.
E) new organelles are made.

Question 59

Which of the following represents the correct size ordering of the structures,from smallest to largest?

A) Lysosome,ribosome,nucleus,mitochondrion
B) Lysosome,mitochondrion,ribosome,nucleus
C) Mitochondrion,ribosome,nucleus,lysosome
D) Ribosome,lysosome,mitochondrion,nucleus
E) Ribosome,lysosome,nucleus,mitochondrion

Question 60

A large organelle found in eukaryotic cells that genetically controls the cell's activities is the

A) chloroplast.
B) nucleus.
C) flagellum.
D) vacuole.
E) centriole.

Question 61

A secondary lysosome

A) provides a backup to the primary lysosomes.
B) is smaller than a primary lysosome.
C) is used to break down macromolecules through hydrolysis.
D) is a primary lysosome that has fused with a mitochondrion.
E) has exocytosed its contents to the exterior of the cell.

Question 62

Autophagy is the controlled destruction of cell components.This process takes place in lysosomes because

A) it allows for controlled destruction without destroying all cell components.
B) lysosomes are the only organelles containing enzymes.
C) it ensures that cells undergo programmed cell death following autophagy.
D) cells would otherwise not have enough energy to function.
E) organelles can then be rebuilt from their component macromolecules.

Question 63

Chloroplasts are structures in which

A) chemical energy is stored in the form of ATP.
B) cell division is controlled.
C) genetic information is used to make proteins.
D) sunlight energy is used to make sugar.
E) new organelles are made.

Question 64

Your skeletal muscle cells use calcium ions to stimulate muscle contraction.To prevent a constant state of contraction,these calcium ions are stored in between contractions and released into the cytoplasm for a contraction.The structures used for storing the calcium ions are

A) organelles derived from neighboring cells.
B) highly derived mitochondria that can also provide ATP.
C) extensions of the Golgi apparatus.
D) vesicles budded off from rough ER that do not fuse with the Golgi apparatus.
E) modifications of smooth ER within the muscle cells.

Question 65

Use the following to answer questions :
Refer to the figure below.
The electron micrograph shows a portion of a cell.This cell could have come from

A) a bacterium,but not a protist.
B) an archaeon,but not a bacterium.
C) a plant,but not an animal.
D) a plant or animal,but not a bacterium.
E) an animal,but not a plant.

Question 66

In a plant cell,the genes that code for all the proteins found in a chloroplast are located in the

A) nucleus.
B) nucleiod.
C) DNA of the chloroplast.
D) thylakoids.
E) nuclear and chloroplast DNA.

Question 67

Lysosomes are important to eukaryotic cells because they contain

A) photosynthetic pigments.
B) starch molecules for energy storage.
C) their own DNA molecules.
D) all the cells' waste materials.
E) digestive enzymes.

Question 68

Elysia chlorotica,a sea slug,is an animal that has chloroplasts in its tissues as an adult but not when it is very young.What is the most likely explanation for this?

A) Some of the animal's mitochondria change into chloroplasts.
B) The chloroplasts were acquired by an ancestral form of sea slug and then passed down.
C) The animal evolved the ability to make chloroplasts.
D) The animal acquires chloroplasts through its diet of yellow-green algae.
E) The animal makes chloroplasts by being exposed to sunlight.

Question 69

Use the following to answer questions :
Refer to the figure below.
A collection of living cells containing the structure shown in the figure would most likely be

A) green.
B) white.
C) from the root of a plant.
D) from the skeletal muscle of an animal.
E) from a highly secretory cell of a gland such as the pancreas.

Question 70

In mitochondria,the energy from "food" molecules (such as glucose)that is partially broken down in the cytosol is converted to

A) ATP.
B) CTP.
C) GTP.
D) TTP.
E) UTP.

Question 71

The folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane

A) increase the volume of the mitochondrial matrix.
B) decrease the surface-to-volume ratio of the mitochondrion.
C) create a large membrane surface for reactions within the mitochondrion.
D) increase the number of ribosomes within the membrane.
E) enclose the mitochondrial DNA in a double membrane.

Question 72

The DNA of mitochondria

A) is needed to hydrolyze monomers.
B) is used to make proteins needed for mitochondrial function.
C) directs photosynthesis.
D) controls the cell's activities.
E) codes for glucose that will be used by the mitochondria to make energy.

Question 73

Mitochondria and chloroplasts differ in that

A) mitochondria contain DNA,but chloroplasts do not.
B) chloroplasts contain DNA,but mitochondria do not.
C) mitochondria harvest chemical energy,whereas chloroplasts convert light energy into chemical energy.
D) mitochondria are enclosed within one membrane,whereas chloroplasts are enclosed within two.
E) mitochondria have extensive infoldings of membrane,whereas chloroplasts do not have extensive internal membranes.

Question 74

If the inner membrane of a mitochondrion were not folded to create cristae,

A) the mitochondrion would not be able to make as much ATP.
B) the outer membrane would become as permeable to macromolecules as the inner membrane is.
C) the production of glucose within the mitochondrion would decrease.
D) the mitochondrion would not be as efficient at using solar energy to make ATP.
E) the mitochondrion would not be able to maintain its shape.

Question 75

Use the following to answer questions :
Refer to the figure below.
The organelle shown in the electron micrograph above and indicated by the arrow is the _______,which _______.

A) Golgi apparatus;modifies mRNA coming from the RER
B) Golgi apparatus;modifies proteins coming from the RER
C) chloroplast;creates carbohydrates using solar energy
D) chloroplast;converts carbon dioxide and water into lipids
E) mitochondrion;harvests chemical energy to create ATP

Question 76

If you forget to water a potted plant,its leaves wilt.A likely reason for this wilting is that

A) water leaving the cells remains in the space between the cell membrane and cell wall.
B) vacuoles lose water,reducing the turgor pressure in the cells.
C) glyoxysomes are no longer able to function.
D) thylacoids are no longer able to convert light energy into chemical energy.
E) chloroplasts are lost from the cells.

Question 77

When you give a wilted plant water,will the shape of the plant cells change?

A) Yes,the cells can expand until they burst.
B) Yes,they round up.
C) Yes,they expand but not beyond the confines of the cell walls.
D) No,cells in a wilted plant cannot absorb water.
E) No,cells in general do not change shape.

Question 78

You observe a hummingbird taking nectar from the red flowers in your garden.You want to figure out where the red pigment of the petals is located,so you observe a petal under the microscope.You will most likely find the red pigment in the

A) vacuoles and chloroplasts.
B) chromoplasts and chloroplasts.
C) cytosol and thylakoids.
D) glyoxysomes and leucoplasts.
E) chromoplasts and vacuoles.

Question 79

If all the lysosomes within a cell suddenly ruptured,what would be the most likely result?

A) The macromolecules in the cytosol would break down.
B) More proteins would be made.
C) The DNA within mitochondria would break down.
D) The mitochondria and chloroplasts would divide.
E) There would be no change in cell function.

Question 80

Use the following to answer questions :
Refer to the figure below.
The figure above shows an electron micrograph of a _______,and is most likely from a cell found in _______.

A) nucleoid;a bacterium or member of the Archaea
B) Golgi apparatus;a plant or animal
C) mitochondrion;a bacterium
D) mitochondrion;an animal
E) chloroplast;a plant