Deck 5: Learning

Question 1

The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was __________

A) Skinner.
B) Tolman.
C) Kohler.
D) Pavlov.

Answer 1

Pavlov.

Question 2

Shannon is in the 4th grade. When the 11:30 bell rings, Shannon and her classmates will get up from their seats and go to the lunchroom. For Shannon and her classmates, the bell is a __________

A) discriminated variable.
B) stimulus.
C) conditioner.
D) neutral prompt.

Answer 2

stimulus.

Question 3

Every time Maricella goes to work in the morning, she notices that her dog sulks in the corner of the room and looks very sad. Over several weeks, she notices that the dog gets unhappy when she picks up her car keys, immediately before leaving the house. Which phenomenon of learning best describes the dog's behavior?

A) classical conditioning
B) innate learning
C) punishment by removal
D) instinctive drift

Answer 3

classical conditioning

Question 4

Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than to the original, natural stimulus is called __________

A) classical conditioning.
B) operant conditioning.
C) memory linkage.
D) adaptation.

Question 5

Normally, when food is placed in the mouth of any animal, the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion. In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning, salivation would be referred to as __________

A) an unconditioned response.
B) a voluntary response.
C) a conditioned response.
D) a digestive reflux.

Question 6

What was the unconditioned stimulus (US) in Pavlov's experiment with the dogs?

A) bright lights
B) food powder
C) bells or buzzers
D) salivation

Question 7

A relatively permanent change in behavior, knowledge, capability, or attitude that is acquired through experience is __________

A) graduated coding.
B) learning.
C) generalization.
D) blocking.

Question 8

Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as a (an) __________

A) unconditioned response.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) conditioned response.
D) conditioned stimulus.

Question 9

As an infant, Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor. When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat, she started to cry. This is an example of __________

A) instrumental learning.
B) observational learning.
C) classical conditioning.
D) habituation.

Question 10

This is an involuntary response to a particular stimulus.

A) conditioned stimulus
B) prompt
C) conditioned response
D) reflex

Question 11

Which of the following statements about learning is NOT true?

A) Learning is another word for "maturation."
B) Learning is relatively permanent.
C) Learning involves changes in behavior.
D) Learning involves experiences.

Question 12

Which type of conditioning was formulated by Ivan Pavlov, the Russian physiologist who studied the digestive process in dogs?

A) operant conditioning
B) classical conditioning
C) observational learning
D) vicarious conditioning

Question 13

In which type of conditioning is an association formed between one stimulus and another?

A) operant conditioning
B) clinical conditioning
C) observational conditioning
D) classical conditioning

Question 14

Sean and Meghan like to watch The Simpsons on TV every night at 5:30. Sean's and Meghan's parents typically serve dinner every night around 5:30 in the dining room, where there is a TV. Over time, the children have learned to congregate in the dining room when The Simpsons is on. The Simpson's show has become a __________

A) ritual.
B) routine.
C) stimulus.
D) habit.

Question 15

Which of the following events most intrigued Pavlov and led to his discoveries?

A) The dogs seemed to enjoy the food.
B) The assistant salivated along with the dogs when the dogs started to eat.
C) The dogs stopped salivating after seeing the assistant so many times.
D) The dogs started to salivate when they saw Pavlov's assistant and before they got the food.

Question 16

One might expect that classical conditioning was discovered by a psychologist. However, it was discovered by a __________

A) physician who was studying the age at which children start to walk.
B) physiologist who was studying memory processes in monkeys.
C) physiologist who was studying digestion.
D) dog trainer who was trying to come up with the best way to reward animals for their performances in his shows.

Question 17

The abbreviation US stands for __________

A) unconditional statement.
B) uniform conditioned subject.
C) unconditional sensation.
D) unconditioned stimulus.

Question 18

Any event or object in the environment to which an organism responds is a __________

A) consequence.
B) stimulus.
C) discriminated variable.
D) conditioned variable.

Question 19

__________ is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.

A) Learning
B) Adaptation
C) Memory enhancement
D) Muscle memory

Question 20

Which of the following statements regarding Pavlov is accurate?

A) Pavlov was studying salivation in dogs as part of a research program on digestion.
B) Pavlov was elated when his student first noticed that the dogs were salivating before tasting the food.
C) Pavlov continued his Nobel Prize-winning research on digestion after documenting conditioning.
D) Pavlov stressed the importance of speculating about the dog's feelings toward the food.

Question 21

Allison is a fashion model, so cameras and flashbulbs are a big part of her life. Her pupils respond to the click of a camera by constricting slightly, even when a flashbulb is not being used. This constriction of her pupils in the absence of a flash is an example of __________

A) a conditioned response.
B) an unconditioned response.
C) a reflexive response.
D) a discriminatory response.

Question 22

The abbreviation CR stands for __________

A) conditional reinforcement.
B) contingent reflex.
C) conditioned response.
D) contingent reflection.

Question 23

The abbreviation CS stands for __________

A) conditioned stimulus.
B) correlated stimulus.
C) conventional structure.
D) conditional situation.

Question 24

Harmony notices that her cat salivates as soon as her cat hears the sound of Harmony opening a can with an electric can opener. In this example, the __________ is the conditioned stimulus.

A) can of cat food
B) sound of the electric can opener
C) dish that Harmony puts the food in
D) cat scurrying into the kitchen

Question 25

Miranda notices that her cat salivates as soon as her cat hears the sound of the electric can opener. In this example, the sound of the can opener is the __________

A) primary stimulus.
B) positive reinforcer.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) secondary reinforcer.

Question 26

Salivation in response to food being placed in the mouth and an eyeblink response to a puff of air, are both examples of__________

A) unconditioned stimuli.
B) conditioned responses.
C) conditioned stimuli.
D) unconditioned responses.

Question 27

When a strongly conditioned CS is used to make another stimulus into a second CS, the effect is known as __________

A) spontaneous recovery.
B) higher-order conditioning.
C) extinction.
D) stimulus generalization.

Question 28

In Pavlov's original experiment, dogs heard a tone and then had meat powder placed in their mouths, which caused them to salivate. After many pairings of the tone and meat powder, they would salivate when the tone was presented alone. In this case salivating to the tone is an example of __________

A) a conditioned response.
B) a conditioned stimulus.
C) an unconditioned response.
D) an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 29

Which of the following statements pertaining to the conditioned response is accurate?

A) The conditioned response is elicited by the unconditioned stimulus.
B) The conditioned response is an instinctual behavior.
C) The conditioned response is elicited by the conditioned stimulus.
D) The conditioned response is a reflex.

Question 30

Sue noticed that whenever she opened the door to the pantry, her dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry, by drooling and whining. She thought that because the dog food was stored in the pantry, the sound of the door had become a(n) __________

A) unconditioned stimulus.
B) conditioned stimulus.
C) unconditioned response.
D) conditioned response.

Question 31

After a CS comes to elicit the CR, the CS now can be paired with a new neutral stimulus and this second neutral stimulus will start to elicit a CR. This process is called __________

A) higher-order conditioning.
B) neoclassical conditioning..
C) generalization.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 32

Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank. After a while he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light. In this example, the
__________ is the unconditioned stimulus.

A) presence of Alan near the aquarium
B) fish swimming to the top
C) aquarium light
D) fish food

Question 33

Any stimulus, such as a bell that requires learning to elicit a conditioned response is called a(n) __________

A) conditioned stimulus.
B) conditioned reflex.
C) unconditioned stimulus.
D) neutral stimulus.

Question 34

The abbreviation UR stands for __________

A) unconditional reinforcement.
B) uniform conditioned rule.
C) unconditional retention.
D) unconditioned response.

Question 35

When Pavlov placed meat powder or other food in the mouths of canine subjects, they began to salivate. The salivation was a(n) __________

A) unconditioned response
B) unconditioned stimulus
C) conditioned response
D) conditioned stimulus

Question 36

Because dogs do not need to be conditioned to salivate to food, salivation to food is a(n) __________

A) conditioned response.
B) conditioned reflex.
C) unconditioned response.
D) neutral response.

Question 37

Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of the dogs, and they began to salivate. Pavlov's student noticed that after a few days the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the student's footsteps. The salivation to the sound of the
Footsteps was a __________

A) primary reinforcer.
B) positive reinforcer.
C) conditioned response.
D) secondary reinforcer.

Question 38

Any stimulus, such as meat powder, that without learning will automatically elicit an unconditioned response is called a(n) __________

A) conditioned stimulus.
B) conditioned reflex.
C) unconditioned stimulus.
D) neutral stimulus.

Question 39

When Pavlov observed that his dogs would salivate at the sound of rattling food dishes, he called these learned involuntary responses__________

A) unconditioned responses.
B) conditioned reflexes.
C) unconditioned stimuli.
D) conditioned stimuli.

Question 40

For several weeks Allen had to clean the men's restroom at the restaurant where he worked. The task always made him nauseated. He has since gone on to better things, but still cannot walk by the door to a men's restroom without becoming slightly queasy. For Allen, the door to the men's room has become__________

A) an unconditioned stimulus.
B) an unconditioned response.
C) a reflexive stimulus.
D) a conditioned stimulus.

Question 41

Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate at a bell sound that was paired with a meat stimulus. After the CS-UCS linkage was strongly established, Pavlov then presented the dog with several flashes of a light followed by the bell sound. After a few days, when the light flashes were presented by themselves, the dog salivated. This is an example of __________

A) higher-order conditioning.
B) neoclassical conditioning.
C) generalization.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 42

You train your dog, Milo, to salivate at the sound of a bell. Then you ring the bell every five minutes and don't follow the ringing with food for Milo. He salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at all when the bell rings. But the next morning, when you ring the bell, Milo salivates! What term is used to explain the reappearance of this response?

A) counterconditioning
B) instinctive drift
C) spontaneous recovery
D) stimulus discrimination

Question 43

After extinguishing the salivating response in his dog, Pavlov allowed the dog to rest and then brought it back to the laboratory. At this point, Pavlov found that the dog would again salivate, although the response was weaker and shorter than before. Pavlov called this recurrence __________

A) discrimination.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) generalization.
D) retrograde conditioning.

Question 44

An animal is conditioned to salivate to a bell using Pavlovian procedures. After the conditioning is established, the animal is then put through an extinction procedure and the conditioned salivation disappears. Then the animal is removed from the test situation for several days. When returned to the test situation, the conditioned response is seen again. The effect is known as __________

A) spontaneous recovery.
B) higher-order conditioning.
C) extinction.
D) stimulus generalization.

Question 45

The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred is called __________

A) counterconditioning.
B) instinctive drift.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) stimulus discrimination.

Question 46

When the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS (food, in this case), the CR will "die out" in a process called __________

A) CR fading.
B) extinction.
C) habituation.
D) generalization fading.

Question 47

What could John Watson have done to eliminate Little Albert's conditioned fear?

A) show Albert a toy dog instead of a live rat
B) let Albert touch a Santa Claus beard repeatedly
C) show Albert a rat many times without a loud noise following
D) have Albert hear a loud noise many times without a rat present

Question 48

Julio served in the war in Iraq and was severely traumatized when a rocket propelled grenade exploded next to his Humvee. Recently, Julio was studying in the library and a large book fell off a high shelf and banged on the floor. The noise brought Julio instantly to his feet. In terms of classical conditioning, his response can best be explained by __________

A) spontaneous recovery.
B) negative reflex.
C) reinforcement.
D) generalization.

Question 49

When pairing a tone with the presentation of food, Pavlov found that it generally required pairing __________ times before the tone alone would elicit salivation.

A) 5 or more
B) 20 or more
C) 50 or more
D) 100 or more

Question 50

Mandy, who is five, recently spotted a bee buzzing in circles on the sidewalk. She bent over and picked up the insect and it stung her. Now whenever Mandy hears an insect buzz, even a housefly buzzing against a screen, her heart rate increases. Mandy's fear of houseflies is __________

A) an example of extinction.
B) an example of spontaneous recovery.
C) an example of generalization.
D) an example of a conditioned response.

Question 51

After having first conditioned an animal to salivate to a tone, Pavlov found that without pairing with the food, salivation to the tone became weaker and weaker and then finally disappeared. This process is known as __________

A) spontaneous recovery.
B) shaping.
C) chaining.
D) extinction.

Question 52

When conditioned stimuli are linked together to form a series of signals, such as the steps involved in having one's blood tested, this process is called __________

A) stimulus chaining.
B) graduated conditioning.
C) operant conditioning.
D) higher-order conditioning.

Question 53

Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate at a bell sound that was paired with a meat stimulus. After the CS-UCS linkage was strongly established, Pavlov then presented the dog with several flashes of a light followed by the bell sound. After a few days, when the light flashes were presented by themselves, the dog salivated. This is an example of __________

A) higher-order conditioning.
B) neoclassical conditioning.
C) generalization.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 54

After Pavlov's dogs became conditioned to salivate at the sound of the bell, he experimented with ringing the bell and then failing to present the dogs with any food right away. Soon they stopped salivating to the sound of the bell. This represents the process called __________

A) acquisition.
B) testing.
C) extinction.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 55

After a CS comes to elicit the CR, the CS now can be paired with a new neutral stimulus and this second neutral stimulus will start to elicit a CR. This process is called __________

A) higher-order conditioning.
B) neoclassical conditioning.
C) generalization.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 56

As a child, Blaine was attacked by a goose and subsequently developed a severe fear of waterfowl. As he got older, the fear gradually faded until it was all but forgotten. Blaine is now in his early-twenties and recently went strolling through a park by the river where he came across a flock of geese. The geese gave him a stare and he felt slightly fearful, though not as afraid as he had been as a child. Blaine's fear response is an example of __________

A) stimulus discrimination.
B) stimulus generalization.
C) higher-order conditioning.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 57

When a strongly conditioned CS is used to make another stimulus into a second CS, the effect is known as __________

A) spontaneous recovery.
B) higher-order conditioning.
C) extinction.
D) stimulus generalization.

Question 58

Jamaal always wears a blue jacket when he takes his dog for a walk. Over time, Jamaal notices that when he wears other articles of clothing that are blue, his dog gets excited. This is an example of __________

A) extinction.
B) generalization.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) discrimination.

Question 59

The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called __________

A) stimulus generalization.
B) stimulus adaptation.
C) response generalization.
D) transfer of habit strength.

Question 60

Denny is quite fearful of going to the dentist. Over time he has noticed that he becomes anxious at even the smell of the dentist's office. Every step Denny takes right up until the dentist starts to drill a tooth seems to cause muscle tension and anxiety. Denny is experiencing __________

A) reflexive conditioning.
B) operant conditioning.
C) graduated conditioning.
D) higher-order conditioning.

Question 61

According to Rescorla's theory, the CS must __________ the US or conditioning does not occur.

A) replace
B) come after
C) appear simultaneously with
D) predict

Question 62

Although Ivan Pavlov introduced the concept of classical conditioning, __________ is largely responsible for changing how psychologists view classical conditioning.

A) John Watson
B) Mary Cover Jones
C) Robert Rescorla
D) Rosalie Rayner

Question 63

The subject of the now-famous Watson and Rayner study of how fears might be classically conditioned was __________

A) a white rat.
B) a young boy named Peter.
C) a white rabbit.
D) an 11-month-old named little Albert.

Question 64

In the "Little Albert" study, the fear-producing stimulus used as a UCS was the __________

A) white rat.
B) loud noise.
C) fear of the rat.
D) fear of the noise.

Question 65

After pairing a loud noise with a white rat many times, the sight of the rat would cause little Albert to cry. Crying is an example of a(n) __________

A) unconditioned stimulus.
B) conditioned stimulus.
C) unconditioned response.
D) conditioned response.

Question 66

Little Albert's acquired fear of a white rat was a classic example of a(n) __________ response.

A) classical counterconditioned
B) conditioned emotional
C) positively reinforced
D) negatively reinforced

Question 67

After conditioning little Albert to fear white rats, Watson noted similar crying responses to the presentation of a Santa Claus mask. This is an example of __________

A) discrimination.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) classical conditioning.
D) generalization.

Question 68

What would you predict about Little Albert based on the principle of spontaneous recovery?

A) Even after his fear of a rat was extinguished, the fear could come back.
B) After his fear of loud noises was extinguished, the fear could come back.
C) His fear of rats would disappear if he saw a rat without hearing a loud noise.
D) His fear of loud noises would disappear if he heard a loud noise without a rat present.

Question 69

Which theorist proposed the cognitive perspective that explains that classical conditioning occurs because of predictions?

A) Pavlov
B) Garcia
C) Rescorla
D) Skinner

Question 70

The current view of why classical conditioning works the way it does, advanced by Rescorla and others, adds the concept of __________ to conditioning theory.

A) generalization
B) habituation
C) memory loss
D) prediction

Question 71

After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of rats, Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask. He was studying whether or not __________ had occurred.

A) behavior modification
B) stimulus discrimination
C) extinction
D) stimulus generalization

Question 72

What was the conditioned stimulus (CS) in the case of Little Albert?

A) a white rat
B) a loud noise
C) a high chair
D) a small enclosed space

Question 73

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the results of Watson and Jones' experimental attempts to remove Peter's fear of rabbits?

A) Peter lost his fear of the rabbit, but not his generalized fear of cotton, fur coats, and other similar stimuli
B) Peter's fear of the rabbit gradually intensified
C) Peter lost his fear of the rabbit and those things to which his fear had generalized
D) Peter lost his fear of the rabbit, but began to fear Watson and Jones

Question 74

John Watson offered a live, white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a steel bar with a hammer. The white rat served as the __________ in his study.

A) discriminative stimulus
B) counterconditioning stimulus
C) conditioned stimulus
D) unconditioned stimulus

Question 75

Rescorla's modern conceptualization of classical conditioning is based on the idea that __________

A) the CS substitutes for the US.
B) there is a biological readiness for conditioning to occur between the CS and US.
C) the CS has to provide information about the coming of the US.
D) reinforcement must occur by providing a pleasant event.

Question 76

In the study done by John Watson and Rosalie Rayner the unconditioned stimulus was__________

A) a bell.
B) a gong.
C) a steel bar and hammer.
D) a starter's pistol.

Question 77

The learning of phobias is a very good example of which certain type of classical conditioning?

A) instinctive drift
B) innate learning
C) conditioned taste aversion
D) conditioned emotional response

Question 78

Even though Watson had formulated techniques to remove Albert's fears, he chose not to even though he knew Albert would soon be moving away. By today's APA standards, Watson's actions were __________

A) appropriate for a case study.
B) within the framework of time demands.
C) unethical.
D) typical of a good researcher.

Question 79

What was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in the case of Little Albert?

A) a rat
B) a loud noise
C) a high chair
D) a small enclosed space

Question 80

Watson's experiment with Little Albert demonstrated that fears might be __________

A) based on classical conditioning.
B) deeply rooted in the innate unconscious of infants.
C) based on the principle of observational learning.
D) based on Skinner's analysis of positive reinforcement.